Pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2), also known as 1,3-diazine, m-diazine, or 1,3-diazabenzene, is a six-membered heteroaromatic compound with the molecular formula C₄H₄N₂ and a molecular weight of 80.09 g/mol. Its molecular structure features a benzene-like ring in which two carbon atoms are replaced by nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 3 positions, creating a symmetrical, electron-deficient aromatic system with a π-electron conjugated structure. This nitrogen-rich diazine scaffold is the fundamental building block of the pyrimidine nucleobases—uracil, thymine, and cytosine—and serves as a privileged heterocyclic core in modern medicinal chemistry and agrochemical science.
As a colorless to pale yellow liquid or low-melting crystalline solid with a melting point of 19–22°C, a boiling point of 123–124°C, and a density of 1.016 g/mL at 25°C, pyrimidine is readily soluble in water, ethanol, and ether. It exhibits weak basicity due to the electron-withdrawing nitrogen atoms and can form salts with strong acids. The compound is typically supplied at ≥98% purity (GC) and is classified as a flammable liquid (H226) under GHS, requiring storage in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources and oxidizing agents.
Pyrimidine is one of the most important heterocyclic building blocks in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Its derivatives are widely used as antiviral agents (including acyclovir and zidovudine), anticancer drugs, antibacterial agents, and herbicides. The pyrimidine ring’s ability to engage biological targets through hydrogen bonding, π-stacking, and metal coordination makes it indispensable in rational drug design. Based on its chemical characteristics and industrial significance, this article systematically analyzes the key properties, core application areas, global market structure, regulatory landscape, and future outlook of this strategically important heterocyclic building block.
Core Application Fields and Demand
Market demand for pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2) is concentrated in four primary sectors: pharmaceutical synthesis and drug intermediates (approximately 50–55% of global consumption), agrochemical development (approximately 25–30%), dyes and pigments (approximately 10–15%), and electronic chemicals and specialty materials (approximately 5–10%). Its privileged diazine scaffold and ability to serve as a versatile building block for bioactive molecules serve as the core drivers of sustained demand growth.
In pharmaceutical synthesis and drug intermediates, pyrimidine is a cornerstone building block for the synthesis of nucleoside analogs, antiviral agents, and anticancer drugs. The pyrimidine ring is present in a wide range of therapeutic classes, including antiviral drugs such as acyclovir and zidovudine, anticancer agents targeting thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase, and antibacterial agents including sulfonamides and trimethoprim. The compound’s nitrogen-rich structure enables the construction of diverse derivatives through electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and cross-coupling reactions. It is also a key intermediate in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleosides, which are essential building blocks for nucleic acid research and antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics. The global pyrimidine market is driven by the pharmaceutical sector, which represents the largest and fastest-growing application segment, particularly in North America and Asia-Pacific.
In agrochemical development, pyrimidine derivatives are extensively used in the formulation of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. The pyrimidine ring interferes with essential metabolic pathways in pests and weeds while exhibiting favorable environmental profiles. Notable examples include triflumezopyrim (Pyraxalt™) , a novel cationic insecticide for rice and corn crops, and various herbicidal active ingredients that target acetolactate synthase (ALS). The agrochemical segment is currently the fastest-growing application area for pyrimidine, driven by the global demand for sustainable crop protection solutions and the development of low-toxicity pesticide formulations.
In dyes and pigments, pyrimidine derivatives are employed as intermediates for the synthesis of specialty colorants and fluorescent whitening agents. The electron-deficient diazine ring contributes to the color intensity and stability of the resulting dyes.
In electronic chemicals and specialty materials, pyrimidine is used as a precursor for the synthesis of photosensitive agents and organic semiconductor materials. Its electron-transporting properties make it valuable in the development of OLED materials and organic photovoltaics.
In nucleic acid research, pyrimidine serves as the parent heterocycle for uracil, thymine, and cytosine—the three pyrimidine nucleobases that are essential components of RNA and DNA. This fundamental biological role ensures sustained demand for pyrimidine and its derivatives in molecular biology, genetic engineering, and diagnostic applications.
Key Properties and Reactivity Profile
Pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2) is a symmetrical diazine whose value derives from its electron-deficient aromatic character and orthogonal reactivity.
Key physicochemical parameters include:
- Molecular Formula: C₄H₄N₂
- Molecular Weight: 80.09 g/mol
- CAS Number: 289-95-2
- EINECS Number: 206-026-0
- MDL Number: MFCD00006059
- Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid or crystalline solid
- Purity: ≥98% (GC); ≥99% available
- Melting Point: 19–22°C
- Boiling Point: 123–124°C
- Density: 1.016 g/mL at 25°C
- Flash Point: 31°C (closed cup)
- Solubility: Readily soluble in water, ethanol, and ether
- Storage: Cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources and oxidizing agents
- GHS Classification: Warning; H226 (Flammable liquid and vapour)
- Risk Phrases: R10 (Flammable)
- Safety Phrases: S34, S24/25
The compound’s reactivity is defined by its electron-deficient aromatic ring. The two nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 3 positions create a π-deficient system that is susceptible to nucleophilic aromatic substitution at the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions. The ring also undergoes electrophilic substitution at the 5-position, particularly when activated by electron-donating substituents. The nitrogen atoms provide sites for coordination and hydrogen bonding, enabling interactions with biological targets. Pyrimidine can be prepared through the condensation of β-dicarbonyl compounds with amidines, a versatile route that allows for the introduction of diverse substituents at multiple ring positions.
Major Market Participants
The global supply system for pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2) features a pattern of “specialized heterocyclic manufacturers, multinational research chemical distributors, and Chinese producers serving distinct market segments.” The global pyrimidine market was valued at USD 1.178 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow from USD 1.22 billion in 2025 to USD 1.735 billion by 2035, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.58% during the forecast period. The market is driven by increasing demand in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical sectors.
In the global research and high-purity segment, key international suppliers include Thermo Fisher Scientific, offering the compound at 99% purity under product code TS15770; Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI), offering ≥98.0% purity (GC, titration analysis) under product code P0662; Fluorochem (UK), offering the compound under product code F540512 with 5 g, 100 g, and other packaging options; Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) , offering 99% purity; and LGC Limited (UK), a major player in the global pyrimidine market. These suppliers serve the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and academic research communities with products that meet rigorous quality specifications.
In the industrial and large-scale production segment, Chinese manufacturers have emerged as dominant players in the global supply chain. Key global manufacturers include Hubei Nanjing Chemical Industry Group Co (CN), Hunan Deli Chemical Co Ltd (CN), Hubei Shunhui Chemical Co Ltd (CN), and Jiangsu Hualun Chemical Co Ltd (CN), alongside international players such as BASF SE (DE), Alkyl Amines Chemicals Ltd (IN), and SABIC (SA). XinChem is a reliable manufacturer and supplier of high-purity pyrimidine from China, offering the compound at ≥98% purity with comprehensive quality documentation and flexible packaging options. Other Chinese suppliers include Capot Chemical, offering production scale up to 500 kg with moisture content ≤0.5%, Dayang Chem (Hangzhou), a leading manufacturer and supplier specializing in high-quality customized chemicals, and numerous regional suppliers concentrated in Hubei, Shandong, and Jiangsu provinces.
Regional Market Dynamics
The global pyrimidine market exhibits distinct regional characteristics, with production concentrated in Asia-Pacific (particularly China and India) and consumption distributed across North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region, aligned with the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and specialty chemical industries in these regions.
The Asia-Pacific region is the dominant force in the global pyrimidine market, accounting for the largest share of both production and consumption. China serves as the world’s manufacturing hub, with extensive production capacities and integrated supply chains for heterocyclic building blocks. The rapid growth of the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries in China, India, and Southeast Asia continues to drive regional demand. Chinese suppliers, including XinChem, offer the compound at various purity grades and packaging options—from grams to multi-kilogram quantities—serving both domestic and export markets with competitive pricing.
North America remains a key market for high-purity and research-grade pyrimidine, driven by demand from the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies, and academic research institutions. The United States hosts numerous research organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and contract research organizations that require high-quality heterocyclic building blocks for drug discovery and development. Thermo Fisher Scientific and other major distributors serve the North American market with extensive distribution networks. The region is a key driver of pyrimidine demand, particularly in the pharmaceutical sector.
Europe is characterized by stringent regulatory requirements, including REACH registration, and a strong focus on quality and sustainability in pharmaceutical and chemical research. European pharmaceutical companies, agrochemical developers, and research institutions demand high-purity heterocyclic building blocks with comprehensive documentation. BASF SE (Germany) and LGC Limited (UK) are key players in the European pyrimidine market.
Japan represents a specialized market where pyrimidine is supplied by TCI Chemicals and other distributors for pharmaceutical research, agrochemical development, and electronic chemical applications.
Regulatory and Safety Considerations
As a flammable heterocyclic building block used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical synthesis, pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2) is subject to regulatory oversight in major global economies. Compliance with relevant regulations is essential for market access and trade.
GHS classification and handling: Pyrimidine is classified with the signal word ”Warning” . Hazard statements include H226 (Flammable liquid and vapour). Risk phrases include R10 (Flammable). Safety phrases include S34 (Keep container tightly closed) and S24/25 (Avoid contact with skin and eyes). The compound should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources and oxidizing agents. Personal protective equipment including lab gloves, safety glasses, and a lab coat should be worn during handling, and operations should be conducted in a well-ventilated environment.
Storage and stability: Pyrimidine should be stored in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. The compound is flammable and should be kept away from heat, sparks, open flames, and hot surfaces. It should be protected from moisture and incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents.
Regulatory compliance: In the European Union, the compound must comply with REACH registration requirements for import and use. The compound has an EINECS number of 206-026-0. Manufacturers and suppliers must provide comprehensive Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and maintain appropriate documentation. In the United States, pyrimidine is intended for research and development use only and is not intended for therapeutic, food, cosmetic, or consumer applications unless explicitly stated otherwise. For pharmaceutical intermediate applications, manufacturers must comply with relevant FDA regulations and quality standards.
Transport information: Pyrimidine is classified as a flammable liquid for international transport. Proper packaging, labeling, and documentation are required for shipping in compliance with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) and other transport regulations. The HS code for the compound is 29335995 (heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atoms only).
Future Outlook
The market outlook for pyrimidine is positive, supported by several key growth drivers across its major application segments. The global market is projected to grow from USD 1.22 billion in 2025 to USD 1.735 billion by 2035, registering a CAGR of 3.58%.
Key growth drivers include:
- Expansion of the pharmaceutical market: Pyrimidine derivatives are essential building blocks for antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial drugs. The continued growth of the global pharmaceutical industry, particularly in Asia-Pacific, drives demand for high-quality pyrimidine intermediates. The pharmaceutical sector remains the largest application segment for pyrimidine.
- Growth in agrochemical development: The agrochemical segment is the fastest-growing application area for pyrimidine, driven by the global demand for sustainable crop protection solutions. Innovations in pyrimidine-based herbicides and insecticides, including novel cationic insecticides such as triflumezopyrim, support steady demand growth.
- Increasing focus on nucleic acid therapeutics: The growing pipeline of mRNA vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides, and siRNA therapeutics drives demand for pyrimidine nucleosides and their derivatives.
- Sustainability initiatives in chemical production: The shift toward greener synthesis methods and environmentally friendly processes is influencing pyrimidine production, creating opportunities for manufacturers that can offer sustainable and high-purity products.
- Expansion of electronic chemicals applications: The growing use of pyrimidine derivatives in OLED materials and organic semiconductors creates new opportunities in the electronic chemicals sector.
Challenges and considerations:
- Flammability and handling requirements: Pyrimidine’s classification as a flammable liquid (H226) requires specialized handling, packaging, and shipping procedures that may increase costs.
- Regulatory compliance: Increasingly stringent pharmaceutical and chemical regulations may require ongoing investment in quality systems and documentation.
- Competition from alternative heterocyclic building blocks: The market faces competition from other diazine isomers (pyrazine, pyridazine) and alternative nitrogen heterocycles.
- Raw material price volatility: Fluctuations in the prices of β-dicarbonyl compounds and amidine precursors may impact production costs.
- Limited scale relative to commodity chemicals: As a specialized heterocyclic building block, the market for pyrimidine is smaller than that of bulk commodity chemicals.
To succeed in this evolving market landscape, suppliers must focus on product quality (particularly purity and batch-to-batch consistency), supply chain reliability, regulatory compliance, and responsive customer service. Companies that can offer high-purity products, flexible packaging options, and technical support for pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials science applications will be well-positioned to capture growing demand.
Shanghai XinChem Co., Ltd. (XinChem)
As a world-leading supplier of organic chemicals and heterocyclic building blocks, Shanghai XinChem Co., Ltd. (XinChem) is dedicated to meeting the innovative needs of the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries. Leveraging extensive experience and advanced manufacturing capabilities, XinChem provides high-quality Pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2) to customers worldwide. As a trusted manufacturer and supplier based in China, XinChem combines competitive pricing, reliable supply, and exceptional service to establish itself as a preferred partner for research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and industrial manufacturers seeking this versatile diazine building block.
1. Technical Advantages
Advanced Synthesis and Purification Processes
XinChem utilizes state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and rigorous quality control measures to ensure the purity, consistency, and safety of its pyrimidine products. The production process incorporates established synthetic routes—including the condensation of β-dicarbonyl compounds with amidines followed by cyclization, and modern catalytic methods for improved selectivity—enabling the delivery of products with purity ≥98% to ≥99% (GC) to meet diverse application requirements. Strict process control ensures consistent product quality, minimal impurities, and batch-to-batch reproducibility, providing customers with reliable performance in pharmaceutical synthesis, agrochemical development, and specialty chemical applications.
Full-Chain Quality Control
The production process strictly adheres to international quality standards, with comprehensive quality control covering raw material sourcing, in-process monitoring, and finished product testing. Each batch is accompanied by a detailed Certificate of Analysis (COA) documenting physical and chemical properties, purity data (GC), water content, and impurity profiles. This commitment to quality ensures that XinChem’s pyrimidine meets the stringent requirements of pharmaceutical R&D, agrochemical development, and materials science applications.
2. Product Advantages
High Purity and Consistent Quality
XinChem offers pyrimidine with purity ≥98% to ≥99% (GC), ensuring optimal performance in pharmaceutical synthesis, agrochemical development, and specialty chemical applications. The product’s high purity minimizes the risk of unwanted side reactions and impurities, making it suitable for demanding applications in drug discovery, crop protection, and electronic chemicals.
Comprehensive Specifications
Key specifications include:
- Molecular Formula: C₄H₄N₂
- Molecular Weight: 80.09 g/mol
- CAS Number: 289-95-2
- Synonyms: 1,3-Diazine; m-Diazine; 1,3-Diazabenzene
- MDL Number: MFCD00006059
- EINECS Number: 206-026-0
- Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid or crystalline solid
- Purity: ≥98% (GC) / ≥99% available
- Melting Point: 19–22°C
- Boiling Point: 123–124°C
- Density: 1.016 g/mL at 25°C
- Storage: Cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources and oxidizing agents
Flexible Packaging Solutions
XinChem provides a range of packaging options to accommodate diverse customer needs, from laboratory-scale quantities (1 g, 5 g, 25 g, 100 g) to industrial-scale packaging (500 g, 1 kg, 25 kg/drum) and bulk shipments. Customized packaging solutions are available upon request, ensuring safe handling, storage, and transportation with appropriate protection from moisture and compliance with flammable liquid regulations.
3. Application Fields
As a privileged diazine building block, Pyrimidine (CAS# 289-95-2) exhibits wide application value across multiple industries:
Pharmaceutical Synthesis and Drug Intermediates:
- Key building block for antiviral drugs (acyclovir, zidovudine)
- Intermediate for anticancer agents (thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors)
- Precursor for antibacterial agents (sulfonamides, trimethoprim)
- Building block for pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleic acid therapeutics
Agrochemical Development:
- Intermediate for herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides
- Precursor for triflumezopyrim (Pyraxalt™) and other novel crop protection agents
- Building block for ALS-inhibiting herbicides
Dyes and Pigments:
- Intermediate for specialty colorants and fluorescent whitening agents
Electronic Chemicals and Specialty Materials:
- Precursor for photosensitive agents
- Building block for OLED materials and organic semiconductors
Nucleic Acid Research:
- Parent heterocycle for uracil, thymine, and cytosine nucleobases
- Reagent for molecular biology and diagnostic applications
4. Service Support
Technical Expertise and Customized Solutions
XinChem’s team of experienced chemists and application engineers provides full technical support throughout the customer journey—from product selection and specification development to application guidance and troubleshooting. Whether customers require optimization of synthetic routes, guidance on handling flammable compounds, or assistance with regulatory documentation, XinChem’s technical experts are ready to help. Custom synthesis and contract manufacturing with flexible scaling from R&D to commercial quantities are available upon request.
Global Logistics and Reliable Supply
With established supply chains serving markets across Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, and beyond, XinChem ensures timely delivery and consistent product availability. The company’s logistics team manages all aspects of international shipping, including compliance with dangerous goods transport regulations, customs clearance, and documentation, with appropriate protection from moisture and temperature control for product stability.
Regulatory Support
XinChem provides comprehensive documentation to support regulatory compliance, including Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Certificates of Analysis (COA), and other required certificates. The company stays current with evolving regulatory requirements in major markets, including REACH, TSCA, and other regional regulations, helping customers navigate the complexities of global trade.
5. Reasons to Choose XinChem
- Professionalism: Extensive experience and deep expertise in heterocyclic building block synthesis and supply.
- Quality: Rigorous quality control, high purity (≥98% to ≥99%), and adherence to international standards.
- Reliability: Stable supply, competitive pricing, and timely delivery.
- Flexibility: Customized solutions to meet diverse customer needs, including custom synthesis and packaging.
- Service: Responsive technical support and comprehensive documentation.
Contact us today to start your partnership with XinChem!
Website: www.xinchem.com
Email: sales1@xinchem.com
WhatsApp: +86 18049800532
Post time: Sep-20-2026